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    NOT IN NOVEL: EXCERPTS FROM DR SINGER'S STOCKHOLM & SAN DIEGO SPEECHES
The following are excerpts from Dr Arnold Singer's lecture given in San Diego at the convention center for the Association of Scientists and Educators and his lecture presented for the Nobel Prize for Physiology (Genomes - symbiotic markers, men and wolves & genetic links and mapping for Homo erectus, sapiens and Neandertal), Stockholm.
San Diego -- Can you imagine a world in which men ran with wolves? A world so rich in game and plants, fighting over them would seem ridiculous. This world existed.
   Although there is sparse evidence to support the idea of loose or tight packs of wolves and humans, the logic is irrefutable. Domestication or restrained use of dog-wolves occurred thirteen to seventeen thousand years ago. However, all dog mitochondrial DNA traces back to various times and locations long before this. The dog genome project will soon fine-tune this. Something had to be going on before the DNA changes, because men needed a way to survive and compete. You need great numbers of interactions sometimes starting over and over again due to bottlenecks/catastrophies in human and wolf populations and poor communications among tribes. Starting over again after catastrophies can skew, blur or hide the true starting dates for subtle changes in the wolf. When men first headed north, wolves were everywhere and superior hunters. They outnumbered the small bands of adventurous humans 1000s to 1. They ruled & man supplicated. For starters, hunters avoid conflict with each other,--stakes too high. There is a bit of evidence to show wolf associations with man 300,000 to 700,000 years ago at Boxgrove in Kent England, Zhoukoudian China, etc. And, there is now the Twin Summits discovery.
   I am suggesting, as do most of my colleagues, man and wolf stood for and with each other in complete freedom and dynamic equality. These two hunters must have had incredible relationships, perhaps impossible to duplicate today. Why? Man has changed and in a reaction to man, so have wolves.
   The theory of co-evolving species or mutualism offers the best and only logical fit for the albeit, sparse data. Although there were bottlenecks, start overs and likely fights in sparse times, human double-crosses and wolf tricks, there is no doubt of the overall result as exemplified by the lady. . . Dr. Reynoso . . . with the Chihuahua at table six. (barks over laughter) A great present-day example of co-evolving, once again, takes us to England. It seems the shy foxes are packing their bags and moving into the backyards of London. . . . In Russia, they have been breeding foxes for docility and the results are outrageous. These sometimes blue-eyed motley-colored playful canids are a remarkable sight.
   Another factor influencing co-evolvement is the ice age environment. Competition would diminish between wolf packs if game were plentiful and territories large enough. The packs would sometimes co-operate with related packs. The breeding dictum of only alpha male and female having pups would also be relaxed. Wolves may have always been tolerant of human packs. (Aside) Wolves and American Indians respected each other on hunts. When two hunters fight, one dies. . .
Q: In an effort to honor and advance our charter, I have recorded the story I told the seniors this morning. The handout marked The First Man Standing is a quick voice to printed word document.
Q: The mitochondrial DNA of all living humans goes back at least one hundred thousand years to one woman in Africa. Whether the main protagonist of the story I told the kids is Eve or a very great granddaughter, is open. Please understand the Eve I refer to is not necessarily the Eve of the Bible or any other creation story. . . .
Stockholm (summary and highlights) -- Early Homo sapiens ventured north of Africa and along the east Mediterranean around one hundred thousand years ago. They lived side by side with Neanderthals. Both groups' brains were eight to thirteen percent larger than ours, on average. Perhaps this was because of their need to memorize all plant uses, animal behaviors, language, legends & legacies, and problem solve life and death issues on a daily basis. It is also commonly held that the later (13 to 17,000 years ago) mutual domestication of dogs and humans contributed to decreased brain sizes for both species. Later mutations for modern man may have compensated. Even late Homo erectus found in Java, fell only 50 cc short of modern man in brain size. I differ here with most of you regarding the Neanderthal and early Homo sapiens brains. Simply put, I believe we are missing something.
San Diego -- After the talk, I would like table #1 to discuss the similarities and differences between the decrease in brain size for humans and dogs. Nigel will chair. Recent archeological finds off the east coast of the Mediterranean and off the coast of South Africa, especially Blombos and Borders caves, fueled this morning's story. Tool kits, weapons (for instance, pressure flaked thin sharp triangular stones for lance tips?), small gardens, fishing techniques, and boats, have all been validated at these sites. Research centered on the speculative study of ancient cultural beliefs, is my submission to you.
Stockholm -- Homo sapiens and Neanderthals did not achieve much more than survival, because their environment, although pure, was often hostile and their numbers were few, especially north. The entire earth's population of humans was estimated to never exceed five million, until the advent of organized farming 85,000 years later. This comprises the size of one typical city population spread across the world. Bottlenecks or catastrophes also occurred at various times, lowering the total population to the tens of thousands. The Neanderthal portion of the population was estimated to be no more than 375,000 at its height, partially covering the northern half of the old world . . .
   These northern populations were cut off from their southern cousins for hundreds of thousands of years, thanks to the advances and declines of the ice ages and man's penchant for southern lands and seacoasts. Some of us have suggested, wolf associations contributed to saving the entire northern human population from failure -- again I refer you to the later cave drawings, only depicting wolves with humans hunting, whereas the artists had no trouble with cave lions from afar. My point, wolves didn't just hunt at night or alone, perhaps they were revered and/or sitting next to the artist. Better get it right. . . . There has been only one human and wolf family burial discovered during the Pleistocene at approximately 50,000 years, although that data has been questioned. There is one cave drawing at about the same time showing men hunting with a wolf or wolf like creature.Keep searching, diggers.
   Thousands of years later when climate and other disasters or diseases may have cut the numbers of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in the northern hemisphere, only the Homo sapiens could replace their numbers through migrations from Africa and elsewhere. One theory suggests Neanderthals assimilated.
   Migrations were sometimes made easier by the lower sea levels, as we all know. This allowed land bridges that don't exist today. At the time of the story, the sea level was approximately forty to seventy meters below today's levels. The peak glacial periods achieved sea levels one hundred and thirty meters lower than today.
   Here, I'll definitely defer to my esteemed colleagues. For the record, the later migrations of Cro-Magnon into Europe may have been a mixture of migrations from Africa and movements away from European coasts now submerged. There is no evidence of Cro-Magnon fleeing the coasts. Entering Europe due to coastal flooding or settling from Africa would encourage diversification away from fishing, and lead to increased trade with the already diversified Neanderthal.
   Two misconceptions that irk me: The blonde, blue eyed Cro-magnons. Well, they migrated from Africa. They were dark skinned people. Cro-Magnons are often pictured in schoolbooks and just about everywhere else as white. It takes 20,000 years for a black man to turn into a white man and visa versa. Ding (goes the microwave). Let's improve our accuracy and honor our African heritage. . . . Secondly, it should be obvious to everyone now with the recent discoveries that Neanderthals spoke without problem. They were chatter boxes. I say the same was true for Homo erectus our common ancestor. These fat heads we have are primarily there for language, cause we sure don't use them for thinking -- much.
San Diego -- I wish to thank Dr Nigel Locksley for our partnership. Next week's release on the DNA samples was his baby. I was happy to see the Nobel Committee recommendations regarding my indefatigable sidekick.
Post publication -- Appreciation goes to Dr Judit Poltari for her incredible digs in the parking lot south of the football, that is soccer stadium and north of the river fork. How she retained permissions from authorities is a story in and of itself. Her finds thus far, a pair of obsidian long knives left in a hybrid's grave more than justifies her efforts. As you may know by now, they paved paradise and put up a parking lot.